Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, morphological dysplasia, peripheral blood cytopenias, and progressive bone marrow failure. The only proven curative treatment for MDS is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, invasive fungal infection following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become the leading cause of death from infection. Therefore, transplant candidates with previous invasive fungal infection have often been excluded from the transplant program due to high risk of reactivation and associated death. We report on a case involving an MDS patient with complications from invasive aspergillosis who had shown no response to amphotericin-B. The patient underwent successfully unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (Korean J Hematol 2009;44:289-293.)

Keywords: Myelodysplastic syndrome, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Aspergillosis