Letter to the Editor

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Blood Res 2014; 49(4):

Published online December 31, 2014

https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2014.49.4.275

© The Korean Society of Hematology

Nodal involvement of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma with extreme plasmacytic differentiation (Mott cell formation) simulating plasma cell neoplasm and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

Yosep Chong*, Chang Suk Kang*, Woo Jin Oh, Tae-Jung Kim, and Eun Jung Lee

Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

Correspondence to : Yosep Chong and Chang Suk Kang. Department of Hospital Pathology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, 10, 63-ro, Yongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 150-713, Korea. ychong@catholic.ac.kr; cskang@catholic.ac.kr

Received: May 9, 2014; Revised: May 16, 2014; Accepted: November 6, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Plasmacytic differentiation is not a rare feature of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma), and serum paraproteinemia is detected in more than a third of patients, suggesting that at some point, the distinction from plasma cell neoplasm (PCN) is ambiguous [1, 2]. Moreover, the endoscopic findings may be very subtle in the early stages and appear slightly nodular or atrophic, indicating the lack of a consistently clear morphologic distinction from chronic gastritis [2, 3]. A focus on a predominantly nodal presentation, serum monoclonal gammopathy, and plasmacytoid histology can lead to a wrong diagnosis such as PCN or lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), especially when Mott cells, the characteristic hypersecretory plasma cells, are predominant in a small lymph node biopsy.

Recently, we encountered the first such case in a generally healthy elderly man who was initially diagnosed with PCN or LPL. This 72-year-old man with no specific symptoms presented with a mass-like lesion on the tail of the pancreas, incidentally detected on ultrasonography during a routine health examination (Fig. 1A). The patient's serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase levels were elevated at 728 IU/L and 395 U/L, respectively, although the level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9, a pancreatic carcinoma marker, was within the normal range (16 U/mL). Subsequent computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed that the mass-like lesion was actually not a pancreatic mass but rather conglomerated, enlarged lymph nodes (4 cm in total) around the pancreas (Fig. 1B). In addition, multiple paraaortic and abdominal lymph nodes were enlarged, which suggested disseminated nodal lymphoma. A percutaneous core needle biopsy was obtained from an enlarged lymph node near the stomach.

Upon microscopic examination, a diffuse proliferation of monotonous small atypical lymphocytes and striking infiltration of hypersecretory plasma cells with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules (Russell bodies), the so-called "Mott cells" or "grape-like cells" (Fig. 2A), were observed. As Mott cells are often considered a good diagnostic indicator of lymphoma with pathologically distinct plasmacytic differentiation, the possibility of PCN or LPL was suspected. Subsequent serum immunoglobulin quantification also revealed kappa light chain restriction (20.30 mg/L).

Gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were performed concurrently to evaluate a possible primary lesion in the gastrointestinal tract. Only a few adenomatous polyps, however, were found in the colon, and a non-specific mucosal nodularity was noted in the stomach (Fig. 1C, D). Multiple random biopsies of this lesion were performed.

Surprisingly, Mott cell proliferation similar to that in the abdominal lymph node was observed in 6 of 8 biopsied samples (Fig. 2B). Upon closer observation, diffuse proliferation of monotonous small atypical lymphocytes that effaced normal glandular structures in the gastric mucosa was noted. These lymphocytes had infiltrated glandular structures to form lymphoepithelial lesions. Extensive plasma cell infiltration with striking features of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules was observed.

Immunohistochemical staining of the abdominal lymph node revealed diffuse strong CD20 positivity in the atypical small lymphocytes and CD3 positivity in a few entrapped T cells (Fig. 2C). The Mott cells were strongly CD138 positive and IgG and kappa light chain positive but lambda light chain negative, indicating light chain restriction (Fig. 2D, E). Interspersed histiocytes were CD68 positive, and dendritic cells were CD23 positive. Additionally, IgG4 (used to exclude IgG4-related diseases), CD5 and cyclinD1 (to exclude mantle cell lymphoma), CD56, and S-100 were all negative. MUM-1, which is known to be associated with B-cell activation and proliferation, was strongly positive, and the Ki-67 labeling index was 35%.

Immunohistochemical staining of gastric mucosal tissues revealed a similar immunohistochemical profile. Immunohistochemical staining for pan-cytokeratin (CK AE1/AE3) highlighted lymphoepithelial lesions (Fig. 2F).

Accordingly, this case was finally diagnosed as a MALT lymphoma with predominant nodal involvement and extensive plasmacytic differentiation, including light chain restriction. Additional positron emission tomography (PET)-CT highlighted the primary lesion; this exhibited only mild to moderate uptake with slight thickening along the gastric wall and a mass-forming lesion with severe uptake encasing the aorta (Fig. 1E, F).

Fluorescence in situ hybridization was negative for t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), and t(14;18)(q32;q21). Warthin-Starry staining revealed Helicobacter pylori in the gastric foveolar epithelium. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis indicated total proteins within normal ranges without remarkable fractional changes, which excluded PCN.

Nodal involvement of MALT lymphoma is relatively rare and is observed in approximately 5% of cases [2, 3, 4]. Predominant nodal involvement presenting as a mass without an obvious mucosal lesion (stage II2E) may be even rarer and can sometimes mimic other types of nodal lymphomas because these tumors may exhibit gastrointestinal dissemination in more than 25% of cases [3]. For this reason, a thorough evaluation of nodal and extranodal lesions involving various approaches, including PET-CT, endoscopy, and pathologic examination, cannot be disregarded [1].

Plasmacytic differentiation may be an important histologic clue for the differential diagnosis. PCNs (including multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma), LPL, and Russell body gastritis should be included in the differential diagnosis [1, 2, 3, 5]. Notably, however, MALT lymphoma may frequently exhibit plasmacytic differentiation [1, 2, 3]. Approximately a third of MALT lymphomas are known to exhibit plasmacytic differentiation, and these mostly demonstrate monoclonal immunoglobulin production by accompanying plasma cells [2, 3, 5, 6]. Although Mott cell formation (Russell body formation) in gastrointestinal lesions has been documented quite frequently, no previous report has documented these findings in disseminated lymph nodes, which lends great interest to the present case [7, 8]. In 2013, Butrym et al. [5] reported a similar case of small B-cell lymphoma with marked plasmacytic differentiation from an inguinal lymph node biopsy. However, they failed to prove monoclonality or the presence of lymphoproliferative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, could only confirm the case as merely "unclassifiable" small B-cell lymphoma with Mott cell formation. In contrast, we confirmed our case to be MALT lymphoma by identifying obvious lymphoepithelial lesions and light chain restriction.

A differential diagnosis from PCN can be made by excluding the presence of paraproteinemia via serum protein electrophoresis [9, 10, 11]. Evaluations of bone marrow involvement, anemia, and any lytic bone lesions should be performed in addition to excluding other B-cell lymphomas. However, it is important to note that monoclonal gammopathy can be also observed with other lymphomas.

A differential diagnosis from LPL may be difficult if there are no specific lesions at other sites, such as the stomach [1, 2, 12]. Other than differences in preferred anatomical sites, a clear distinction between LPL and MALT lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation is not always possible [2]. In the present case, however, although many small lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed in the lesion, there were no "plasmacytoid" lymphocytes in any of the examined tissues. In addition, although clear lymphoepithelial lesions as well as light chain restriction (especially IgG kappa) were observed, IgM, which is common in LPL, was not observed [2, 12, 13]. Histiocyte accumulation between small lymphocytes and accompanying dendritic cells in the present case also favored the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma [1, 2, 3].

Russell body gastritis, a benign inflammatory condition of the stomach characterized by extensive plasma cells with Russell bodies, has been recently described [14, 15]. Such a diagnosis from stomach biopsy findings would be important for a differential diagnosis. However, in the present case, immunohistochemically proven light-chain restriction and the presence of nodal dissemination easily excluded this unknown condition.

In summary, nodal dissemination of MALT lymphoma can mimic nodal lymphoma, especially when the primary site is grossly indistinct. Plasmacytic differentiation may often be present with MALT lymphoma; an associated extreme form such as Mott cell formation, which strongly suggests PCN or LPL, may also be observed in MALT lymphoma. An exhaustive evaluation, including PET-CT, protein electrophoresis, and immunohistochemical staining, should be conducted for an accurate diagnosis.

Fig. 1.

Radiologic and endoscopic findings. (A) An ultrasonography image showing a hypoechoic mass on the pancreas. (B) A computed tomography scan showing that this mass comprises conglomerated lymph nodes. (C) Gastroscopy showing only mild nodularity without a definite mass. (D) Mucosal nodularity is highlighted by chromoendoscopy. (E, F) Coronal and cross-sectional positron emission tomography-computed tomography images indicating fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake.


Fig. 2.

Microscopic findings. (A) Lymph node biopsy revealing lymphocytic proliferation with hypersecretory plasma cells (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], ×200) or "Mott cells" (box). (B) Gastric biopsy showing lymphoepithelial lesions (arrow) and Mott cells (arrowheads, box; H&E ×100). (C) Immunohistochemical staining for CD20, (D) CD138, (E) kappa and lambda light chains (×400), and (F) pan-cytokeratin (×200).


  1. Molina, TJ, Lin, P, Swerdlow, SH, Cook, JR. Marginal zone lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation and related disorders. Am J Clin Pathol, 2011;136;211-225.
    Pubmed
  2. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL. WHO Classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
  3. Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Noffsinger AE, Stemmermann GN, Lantz PE, Isaacson PG. Gastrointestinal pathology: an atlas and text. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  4. Han, JJ, Ko, YH, Cho, EY, Kim, MK, Kim, NH, Ree, HJ. Primary nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: clincopathologic analysis of splenic and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. Korean J Pathol, 2001;35;470-476.
  5. Butrym, A, Prochorec-Sobieszek, M, Dzietczenia, J, Mazur, G. Unclassifiable small B-cell lymphoma with marked plasmacytic differentiation and Mott cell formation. Leuk Lymphoma, 2014;55;1681-1683.
    Pubmed
  6. Wohrer, S, Streubel, B, Bartsch, R, Chott, A, Raderer, M. Monoclonal immunoglobulin production is a frequent event in patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2004;10;7179-7181.
    Pubmed
  7. Isaacson PG, Norton AJ. Extranodal lymphomas. London, UK: Churchill Livingstone.
  8. Kai, K, Miyahara, M, Tokuda, Y, et al. A case of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract showing extensive plasma cell differentiation with prominent Russell bodies. World J Clin Cases, 2013;1;176-180.
    Pubmed
  9. Bink, K, Haralambieva, E, Kremer, M, et al. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma: similarities with and differences from multiple myeloma revealed by interphase cytogenetics. Haematologica, 2008;93;623-626.
    Pubmed
  10. Kremer, M, Ott, G, Nathrath, M, et al. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma: phenotypic differences revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. J Pathol, 2005;205;92-101.
    Pubmed
  11. Lorsbach, RB, Hsi, ED, Dogan, A, Fend, F. Plasma cell myeloma and related neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol, 2011;136;168-182.
    Pubmed
  12. Lin, P, Molina, TJ, Cook, JR, Swerdlow, SH. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and other non-marginal zone lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation. Am J Clin Pathol, 2011;136;195-210.
    Pubmed
  13. Morice, WG, Chen, D, Kurtin, PJ, Hanson, CA, McPhail, ED. Novel immunophenotypic features of marrow lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and correlation with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Mod Pathol, 2009;22;807-816.
    Pubmed
  14. Paik, S, Kim, SH, Kim, JH, Yang, WI, Lee, YC. Russell body gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection: a case report. J Clin Pathol, 2006;59;1316-1319.
    Pubmed
  15. Yoon, JB, Lee, TY, Lee, JS, et al. Two cases of Russell body gastritis treated by Helicobacter pylori eradication. Clin Endosc, 2012;45;412-416.
    Pubmed

Article

Letter to the Editor

Blood Res 2014; 49(4): 275-285

Published online December 31, 2014 https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2014.49.4.275

Copyright © The Korean Society of Hematology.

Nodal involvement of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma with extreme plasmacytic differentiation (Mott cell formation) simulating plasma cell neoplasm and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

Yosep Chong*, Chang Suk Kang*, Woo Jin Oh, Tae-Jung Kim, and Eun Jung Lee

Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

Correspondence to: Yosep Chong and Chang Suk Kang. Department of Hospital Pathology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, 10, 63-ro, Yongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 150-713, Korea. ychong@catholic.ac.kr; cskang@catholic.ac.kr

Received: May 9, 2014; Revised: May 16, 2014; Accepted: November 6, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

TO THE EDITOR:

Plasmacytic differentiation is not a rare feature of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma), and serum paraproteinemia is detected in more than a third of patients, suggesting that at some point, the distinction from plasma cell neoplasm (PCN) is ambiguous [1, 2]. Moreover, the endoscopic findings may be very subtle in the early stages and appear slightly nodular or atrophic, indicating the lack of a consistently clear morphologic distinction from chronic gastritis [2, 3]. A focus on a predominantly nodal presentation, serum monoclonal gammopathy, and plasmacytoid histology can lead to a wrong diagnosis such as PCN or lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), especially when Mott cells, the characteristic hypersecretory plasma cells, are predominant in a small lymph node biopsy.

Recently, we encountered the first such case in a generally healthy elderly man who was initially diagnosed with PCN or LPL. This 72-year-old man with no specific symptoms presented with a mass-like lesion on the tail of the pancreas, incidentally detected on ultrasonography during a routine health examination (Fig. 1A). The patient's serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase levels were elevated at 728 IU/L and 395 U/L, respectively, although the level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9, a pancreatic carcinoma marker, was within the normal range (16 U/mL). Subsequent computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed that the mass-like lesion was actually not a pancreatic mass but rather conglomerated, enlarged lymph nodes (4 cm in total) around the pancreas (Fig. 1B). In addition, multiple paraaortic and abdominal lymph nodes were enlarged, which suggested disseminated nodal lymphoma. A percutaneous core needle biopsy was obtained from an enlarged lymph node near the stomach.

Upon microscopic examination, a diffuse proliferation of monotonous small atypical lymphocytes and striking infiltration of hypersecretory plasma cells with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules (Russell bodies), the so-called "Mott cells" or "grape-like cells" (Fig. 2A), were observed. As Mott cells are often considered a good diagnostic indicator of lymphoma with pathologically distinct plasmacytic differentiation, the possibility of PCN or LPL was suspected. Subsequent serum immunoglobulin quantification also revealed kappa light chain restriction (20.30 mg/L).

Gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were performed concurrently to evaluate a possible primary lesion in the gastrointestinal tract. Only a few adenomatous polyps, however, were found in the colon, and a non-specific mucosal nodularity was noted in the stomach (Fig. 1C, D). Multiple random biopsies of this lesion were performed.

Surprisingly, Mott cell proliferation similar to that in the abdominal lymph node was observed in 6 of 8 biopsied samples (Fig. 2B). Upon closer observation, diffuse proliferation of monotonous small atypical lymphocytes that effaced normal glandular structures in the gastric mucosa was noted. These lymphocytes had infiltrated glandular structures to form lymphoepithelial lesions. Extensive plasma cell infiltration with striking features of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules was observed.

Immunohistochemical staining of the abdominal lymph node revealed diffuse strong CD20 positivity in the atypical small lymphocytes and CD3 positivity in a few entrapped T cells (Fig. 2C). The Mott cells were strongly CD138 positive and IgG and kappa light chain positive but lambda light chain negative, indicating light chain restriction (Fig. 2D, E). Interspersed histiocytes were CD68 positive, and dendritic cells were CD23 positive. Additionally, IgG4 (used to exclude IgG4-related diseases), CD5 and cyclinD1 (to exclude mantle cell lymphoma), CD56, and S-100 were all negative. MUM-1, which is known to be associated with B-cell activation and proliferation, was strongly positive, and the Ki-67 labeling index was 35%.

Immunohistochemical staining of gastric mucosal tissues revealed a similar immunohistochemical profile. Immunohistochemical staining for pan-cytokeratin (CK AE1/AE3) highlighted lymphoepithelial lesions (Fig. 2F).

Accordingly, this case was finally diagnosed as a MALT lymphoma with predominant nodal involvement and extensive plasmacytic differentiation, including light chain restriction. Additional positron emission tomography (PET)-CT highlighted the primary lesion; this exhibited only mild to moderate uptake with slight thickening along the gastric wall and a mass-forming lesion with severe uptake encasing the aorta (Fig. 1E, F).

Fluorescence in situ hybridization was negative for t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), and t(14;18)(q32;q21). Warthin-Starry staining revealed Helicobacter pylori in the gastric foveolar epithelium. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis indicated total proteins within normal ranges without remarkable fractional changes, which excluded PCN.

Nodal involvement of MALT lymphoma is relatively rare and is observed in approximately 5% of cases [2, 3, 4]. Predominant nodal involvement presenting as a mass without an obvious mucosal lesion (stage II2E) may be even rarer and can sometimes mimic other types of nodal lymphomas because these tumors may exhibit gastrointestinal dissemination in more than 25% of cases [3]. For this reason, a thorough evaluation of nodal and extranodal lesions involving various approaches, including PET-CT, endoscopy, and pathologic examination, cannot be disregarded [1].

Plasmacytic differentiation may be an important histologic clue for the differential diagnosis. PCNs (including multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma), LPL, and Russell body gastritis should be included in the differential diagnosis [1, 2, 3, 5]. Notably, however, MALT lymphoma may frequently exhibit plasmacytic differentiation [1, 2, 3]. Approximately a third of MALT lymphomas are known to exhibit plasmacytic differentiation, and these mostly demonstrate monoclonal immunoglobulin production by accompanying plasma cells [2, 3, 5, 6]. Although Mott cell formation (Russell body formation) in gastrointestinal lesions has been documented quite frequently, no previous report has documented these findings in disseminated lymph nodes, which lends great interest to the present case [7, 8]. In 2013, Butrym et al. [5] reported a similar case of small B-cell lymphoma with marked plasmacytic differentiation from an inguinal lymph node biopsy. However, they failed to prove monoclonality or the presence of lymphoproliferative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, could only confirm the case as merely "unclassifiable" small B-cell lymphoma with Mott cell formation. In contrast, we confirmed our case to be MALT lymphoma by identifying obvious lymphoepithelial lesions and light chain restriction.

A differential diagnosis from PCN can be made by excluding the presence of paraproteinemia via serum protein electrophoresis [9, 10, 11]. Evaluations of bone marrow involvement, anemia, and any lytic bone lesions should be performed in addition to excluding other B-cell lymphomas. However, it is important to note that monoclonal gammopathy can be also observed with other lymphomas.

A differential diagnosis from LPL may be difficult if there are no specific lesions at other sites, such as the stomach [1, 2, 12]. Other than differences in preferred anatomical sites, a clear distinction between LPL and MALT lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation is not always possible [2]. In the present case, however, although many small lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed in the lesion, there were no "plasmacytoid" lymphocytes in any of the examined tissues. In addition, although clear lymphoepithelial lesions as well as light chain restriction (especially IgG kappa) were observed, IgM, which is common in LPL, was not observed [2, 12, 13]. Histiocyte accumulation between small lymphocytes and accompanying dendritic cells in the present case also favored the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma [1, 2, 3].

Russell body gastritis, a benign inflammatory condition of the stomach characterized by extensive plasma cells with Russell bodies, has been recently described [14, 15]. Such a diagnosis from stomach biopsy findings would be important for a differential diagnosis. However, in the present case, immunohistochemically proven light-chain restriction and the presence of nodal dissemination easily excluded this unknown condition.

In summary, nodal dissemination of MALT lymphoma can mimic nodal lymphoma, especially when the primary site is grossly indistinct. Plasmacytic differentiation may often be present with MALT lymphoma; an associated extreme form such as Mott cell formation, which strongly suggests PCN or LPL, may also be observed in MALT lymphoma. An exhaustive evaluation, including PET-CT, protein electrophoresis, and immunohistochemical staining, should be conducted for an accurate diagnosis.

Fig 1.

Figure 1.

Radiologic and endoscopic findings. (A) An ultrasonography image showing a hypoechoic mass on the pancreas. (B) A computed tomography scan showing that this mass comprises conglomerated lymph nodes. (C) Gastroscopy showing only mild nodularity without a definite mass. (D) Mucosal nodularity is highlighted by chromoendoscopy. (E, F) Coronal and cross-sectional positron emission tomography-computed tomography images indicating fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake.

Blood Research 2014; 49: 275-285https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2014.49.4.275

Fig 2.

Figure 2.

Microscopic findings. (A) Lymph node biopsy revealing lymphocytic proliferation with hypersecretory plasma cells (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], ×200) or "Mott cells" (box). (B) Gastric biopsy showing lymphoepithelial lesions (arrow) and Mott cells (arrowheads, box; H&E ×100). (C) Immunohistochemical staining for CD20, (D) CD138, (E) kappa and lambda light chains (×400), and (F) pan-cytokeratin (×200).

Blood Research 2014; 49: 275-285https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2014.49.4.275

References

  1. Molina, TJ, Lin, P, Swerdlow, SH, Cook, JR. Marginal zone lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation and related disorders. Am J Clin Pathol, 2011;136;211-225.
    Pubmed
  2. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL. WHO Classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
  3. Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Noffsinger AE, Stemmermann GN, Lantz PE, Isaacson PG. Gastrointestinal pathology: an atlas and text. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  4. Han, JJ, Ko, YH, Cho, EY, Kim, MK, Kim, NH, Ree, HJ. Primary nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: clincopathologic analysis of splenic and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. Korean J Pathol, 2001;35;470-476.
  5. Butrym, A, Prochorec-Sobieszek, M, Dzietczenia, J, Mazur, G. Unclassifiable small B-cell lymphoma with marked plasmacytic differentiation and Mott cell formation. Leuk Lymphoma, 2014;55;1681-1683.
    Pubmed
  6. Wohrer, S, Streubel, B, Bartsch, R, Chott, A, Raderer, M. Monoclonal immunoglobulin production is a frequent event in patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2004;10;7179-7181.
    Pubmed
  7. Isaacson PG, Norton AJ. Extranodal lymphomas. London, UK: Churchill Livingstone.
  8. Kai, K, Miyahara, M, Tokuda, Y, et al. A case of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract showing extensive plasma cell differentiation with prominent Russell bodies. World J Clin Cases, 2013;1;176-180.
    Pubmed
  9. Bink, K, Haralambieva, E, Kremer, M, et al. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma: similarities with and differences from multiple myeloma revealed by interphase cytogenetics. Haematologica, 2008;93;623-626.
    Pubmed
  10. Kremer, M, Ott, G, Nathrath, M, et al. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma: phenotypic differences revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. J Pathol, 2005;205;92-101.
    Pubmed
  11. Lorsbach, RB, Hsi, ED, Dogan, A, Fend, F. Plasma cell myeloma and related neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol, 2011;136;168-182.
    Pubmed
  12. Lin, P, Molina, TJ, Cook, JR, Swerdlow, SH. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and other non-marginal zone lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation. Am J Clin Pathol, 2011;136;195-210.
    Pubmed
  13. Morice, WG, Chen, D, Kurtin, PJ, Hanson, CA, McPhail, ED. Novel immunophenotypic features of marrow lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and correlation with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Mod Pathol, 2009;22;807-816.
    Pubmed
  14. Paik, S, Kim, SH, Kim, JH, Yang, WI, Lee, YC. Russell body gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection: a case report. J Clin Pathol, 2006;59;1316-1319.
    Pubmed
  15. Yoon, JB, Lee, TY, Lee, JS, et al. Two cases of Russell body gastritis treated by Helicobacter pylori eradication. Clin Endosc, 2012;45;412-416.
    Pubmed
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