Intravenous administration of high-dose of melphalan followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) induces higher response rates and improved treatment outcomes compared to that with standard dose melphalan, as reported in previous randomized trials [1, 2]. High-dose melphalan (200 mg/m²) has been widely used in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and is known as the most effective available conditioning regimen for MM [3]. However, relapse is still common, and the response rates after ASCT are often unsatisfactory. A high-dose conditioning regimen mainly contributes to the efficacy of ASCT by the cytoreduction effect, and thus, development of a more effective conditioning regimen may help in improving the outcome of ASCT. However, convincing evidence indicating that any conditioning regimen is superior to high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m²) without additional toxicities is not available [3-6].

Bortezomib (VELCADE; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA and Johnson & Johnson LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA) is the first proteasome inhibitor approved for MM therapy. The efficacy of bortezomib has been shown in previous clinical trials with a large study population [7-9]. In addition, bortezomib has shown synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents in a preclinical model [7, 8, 10]. The efficacy of administration of bortezomib and melphalan has suggested synergistic effects between these 2 drugs [11, 12]. Thus, the combination of bortezomib with high-dose melphalan as conditioning regimen may present a promising approach to improve response rates in MM patients after ASCT. A group from the University of Arkansas suggested the possibility of a bortezomib-melphalan conditioning regimen in an abstract presented in the annual meeting of American Society of Hematology 2004 (Hollmig K, et al. Blood 2004; Abstract #929). Therefore, we performed a pilot study in which we combined bortezomib and high-dose melphalan as a conditioning regimen for ASCT in Korean patients with MM.

Patients under 65 years of age with symptomatic MM were included in this study provided that they were eligible for high-dose therapy (HDT) and had a non-progressive disease at the time of ASCT. The exclusion criteria were: a serum creatinine level of ≥2.5 mg/dL at the time of HDT; liver insufficiency, e.g., a total serum bilirubin level of 2.0 mg/dL, serum aspartate/alanine aminotransferase levels or alkaline phosphatases level more than 3.0×the upper limit of normal; a left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤50%, and a pulmonary diffusion capacity of ≤50% of predicted; a grade 3 or worse peripheral neuropathy, significant comorbid disease that would preclude ASCT; and a history of any other malignant disease within the past 5 years, except curatively treated non-melanoma skin cancer or in situ carcinoma of cervix uteri.

The conditioning regimen was designed according to the previous report (Hollmig K, et al. Blood 2004; Abstract #929), and it was as follows. On day -4, bortezomib (1.0 mg/m²) and melphalan (50 mg/m²) were infused intravenously (IV). Bortezomib (1.0 mg/m²) and melphalan (150 mg/m²) were infused IV on day-1, followed by stem cell support on day 0 (Fig. 1). All patients received standard supportive care measures, including growth factor support, blood transfusions, and prophylactic or therapeutic antibiotics. Prophylactic antibiotics, including acyclovir (400 mg q 12 h) were used from day -5. We evaluated the response status at 6 weeks after ASCT according to the International Myeloma Working Group Criteria. Because serum free light chain assay was not available in our institute during this study, stringent complete remission (sCR) could not be evaluated. Toxicities were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria of Adverse Events, version 3.0. Overall survival (OS) was measured from the date of ASCT to the date of death or last follow-up visit. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from ASCT to disease progression or death. Patients were followed up to December 2009. The institutional review board of Korea University Medical Center approved this study.

Between April 2005 and January 2008, 8 patients received bortezomib and high-dose melphalan conditioning prior to ASCT. Six newly diagnosed patients (No. 1-6) received 4-6 cycles of vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone (VAD) combination chemotherapy as induction treatment. The disease statuses of these 6 patients at the time of ASCT were 1 complete remission (CR), 1 very good partial remission (VGPR), and 4 partial remissions (PR). Two relapsed patients received 2 kinds of treatment (VAD and thalidomide/dexamethasone) before ASCT, and their disease status was PR (Table 1). Peripheral blood stem cells were mobilized using granulocyte colony-stimulatory factor (G-CSF) infusion (filgrastim, 10 µg/kg IV for 3 days) in 4 patients, cyclophosphamide mobilization chemotherapy plus G-CSF infusion was performed in the remaining 4 patients. The median number of collected CD34+ cells was 4.5×10⁶/kg (range, 3.5-9.0×10⁶/kg). The median time of the absolute neutrophil count to rise over 500/mm³ was 13 days (range, 10-19 days), and the median time of the platelet count to rise over 20,000/mm³ was 17 days (range, 14-20 days). Seven patients experienced an episode of febrile neutropenia. Although all of these patients recovered after empirical antibiotics therapy, 1 patient (No. 6) developed respiratory distress at around day +7. This patient died due to right upper lobar pneumonia on day +11. The most frequently reported non-hematologic toxicities, except fever, were mucosites, and these toxicities were manageable (Table 2). It should be noted that peripheral neuropathy was present at the time of ASCT in 2 patients and did not worsen after conditioning. Non-hematologic toxicities, including peripheral neuropathy, were unremarkable. Six patients with VGPR or PR at the time of transplantation showed an improvement in response to CR after ASCT (Table 1). The patients were followed up after ASCT without any maintenance treatment. The median follow-up duration was 27.3 months (range, 4.0-51.7 months) and CR was maintained in 3 newly diagnosed patients, but the other 4 patients, including 2 newly diagnosed patients, relapsed (Table 1).

Since the introduction of bortezomib for the treatment of MM, few reports have addressed the feasibility of using a combination of bortezomib plus melphalan as a conditioning regimen [13, 14]. A group from the University of Arkansas reported an overall response rate of 73% with adequate bone marrow recovery: the median time to recovery of the absolute neutrophil count (>1,000/mm³) and platelet count (>50,000/mm³) was 13 and 17 days, respectively (Hollmig K, et al. Blood 2004; Abstract #929). A randomized phase I trial of melphalan plus bortezomib as conditioning regimen for ASCT also showed a safe profile with engraftment kinetics (Lonial S, et al. Blood 2007;110:288a; Abstract #949). Recently, the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome (IFM) phase II trial reported that conditioning using bortezomib/melphalan produced almost 70% of CR and VGPR with no toxic death [14].

Although the conditioning regimen, including bortezomib was variable in previous studies, our conditioning regimen was designed according to the first report using the combination of bortezomib and melphalan (Hollmig K, et al. Blood 2004; Abstract #929). Because bortezomib should be administered with an interval of 72 hours, bortezomib was infused on day-4 and -1. To achieve a synergistic effect of the 2 drugs, bortezomib was administered on the same day as melphalan, similar to the other regimen consisting of bortezomib (1.3 mg/m²) and melphalan (50 mg/m²) given on day -6 and -3 [13]. Thus, we divided the dose of melphalan (200 mg/m² into 50 mg/m² and 150 mg/m²) to achieve a synergism, while maintaining the intensity of high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m²).

Our results indicated that the addition of bortezomib in the conditioning regimen dramatically improved CR from 11% to 35%. Furthermore, the response rate after ASCT was not different between the VAD induction group and the bortezomib/dexamethasone group. Therefore, it is possible that a bortezomib-containing conditioning regimen could improve the quality of response induced by VAD. Our results also showed a high response rate with adequate bone marrow recovery and unremarkable non-hematologic toxicities. This improvement in the response after ASCT might be related to the synergy between bortezomib and melphalan that was shown in the previous studies [11, 12].

The median duration of PFS of all patients was 15.3 months and the median PFS of the 6 newly diagnosed patients was 21.1 months. Although this result might be comparable with previous single ASCT studies in newly developed MM patients [15, 16], the improvement in the degree of response following bortezomib plus high-dose melphalan conditioning did not translate into an improvement in PFS in this study. However, caution should be exercised when interpreting the results of a pilot study that has a small study population.

Although the mechanism of the synergistic effect remains to be clarified, several different potential mechanisms of bortezomib may be involved, including induction of apoptosis, blockade of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and inhibition of cell-cycle progression [17, 18]. Recently, it has been reported that the sequence of administration of bortezomib and melphalan could be important when they were used as a conditioning regimen (Lonial S, et al. Blood 2007;110:288a; Abstract #949). Thus, melphalan followed by bortezomib may be superior to bortezomib followed by melphalan because bortezomib may upregulate the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) [19]. In this study, melphalan was administered before bortezomib, but its efficacy should be confirmed by further studies with larger study populations.

Although 1 treatment-related death occurred, the addition of bortezomib may not have amplified the toxicity of melphalan in the light of adequate overall bone marrow recovery. Our case of toxic death might not be associated with bortezomib, because the radiologic findings of our patient were different from those of bortezomib-induced lung disease and showed typical upper lobar pneumonia [20, 21]. While peripheral neuropathy may be the main adverse effect of bortezomib, there was no de novo case of peripheral neuropathy in this study. It should be noted that peripheral neuropathy was present at the time of ASCT in 2 patients and did not worsen after conditioning. Other non-hematologic toxicities associated with the bortezomib-melphalan conditioning regimen were relatively mild and manageable. Only 1 patient experienced grade 3 mucositis. Because responders showed long-term sustained response after ASCT, this effect could be prolonged if an appropriate maintenance therapy could be used after bortezomib-melphalan conditioning following ASCT.

In conclusion, this is the first report on the efficacy of bortezomib plus high-dose melphalan therapy in Asian patients with MM. We believe that this conditioning regimen may be more effective for ASCT than melphalan alone. However, the feasibility of this conditioning regimen should be further evaluated in a larger study population.

Schematic diagram of the bortezomib and melphalan conditioning regimen. B, bortezomib 1 mg/m²; M50, melphalan 50 mg/m²; M150, melphalan 150 mg/m²; PBSC, peripheral blood stem cell.

Table 1 Summary of patients.

Table 2 Non-hematologic toxicities.