Table 1

Changes in the blood levels of coagulation factors.

Factor	Changes in blood		Mechanism that causes nephropathy
Factor	In DM	In diabetic nephropathy	Mechanism that causes nephropathy
Fibrinogen	Increased Kafle et al. [26]^a) Zhao et al. [38]^a) Bembde [39]^a) Sapkota et al. [40]^a)	Increased Sun et al. [18]^a) Mohan et al. [41]^a) Kaur et al. [42]^a)	Higher fibrinogen levels result in changes in the rheological properties of the blood, such as increases in plasma viscosity, platelet thrombogenesis, and erythrocyte aggregation and changes leading to compromises in the endothelial layer integrity and vascular reactivity [43].
VWF	Increased Madan et al. [44]^a) Kubisz et al. [45] Dayer et al. [46]^a) Saboor et al. [47] Oggianu et al. [48]^a)	Increased Kubisz et al. [45] Domingueti et al. [49]^b) Shao et al. [50]^a)	A study hypothesized that low ADAMTS13 levels cause an increase in large-sized VWF multimers, resulting in renal microvascular platelet thrombosis, and that theyare therefore relevant to the development and/or progression of diabetic nephropathy [51].
ADAMTS13 antigen	Decreased Oggianu et al. [48]^b)	Increased Domingueti et al. [49]^b)
ADAMTS13 antigen	Decreased Oggianu et al. [48]^b)	Reduced Taniguchi et al. [51]^b)
ADAMTS13 activity	Decreased Oggianu et al. [48]^b)	Increased Domingueti et al. [49]^b)

^a)Type 1 DM. ^b)All patients in these studies had type 2 DM.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; VWF, von Willebrand factor.