Table 1

The effects of different polymeric nanoparticles on platelets.

NPs	Type and coating	Size (nm)	Charge	Induction of platelet aggregation	Other effects on platelets	Ref.
CS	Fly-larva shell-derived chitosan sponge (CS)			Induced	Hemostatic material	[24]
	CS		+		Induced RBC and platelet adhesion, fibrinogen adsorption, and platelet activation, and retarded thrombin formation and clotting	[25]
	Fibrinogen- and perlecan-coated CS NPs			Induced	The ability of platelet activation more than each one of fibrinogen and perlecan	[26]
	Collagen-coated CS NPs			Induced	Activation of platelets similar to either chitosan or collagen	[26]
	ADP-decorated CS (ANPs)	251.0±9.8	+	Induced	Shorten clotting times	[27]
	Fibrinogen-decorated CS (FNPs)	326.5±14.5	+		Shorten clotting times	[27]
	N, O-carboxymethylchitosan (NO-CMC), O-carboxymethylchitosan (O-CMC) and Oligo-chitosan (O-C)			Induced by O-C 53 and O-C 52	O-C 53 and O-C 52 caused platelets release	[28]
	CS 93% DDA NPs	292±52	+	Induced	Induced CS-platelet interaction	[29]
	Ellagic acid encapsulated CS-NPs	80			Anti-hemorrhagic effect	[30]
	PLGA	209	-	Inert		[31]
	PLGA-macrogol	138	-
	Chitosan (2.5% w/v)-coated PLGA	343	+
	Chitosan (15% w/v)-coated PLGA	443	+
	Chitosan (15% w/v)-coated PLGA	+
	Lauroyl sulfated chitosan (LSCS)	886	-	Inert		[32]
	N, O-succinyl chitosan (NOSCS) and N-succinyl chitosan (NSCS)		-		Increased APTT and TT	[33]
	Salicylic acid SA-CS-NPs	292±2	+	Inhibited	Anti-platelet and anti-adhesion properties	[34]
	Polyglutamic acid (PGA) and fucoidan (Fu)-ginseng extract-loaded chitosan (CS)			Inhibited	Antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects	[35]
Dendrimers	PAMAM	G3-G6	+/Neu/-	Induced by cationic	Only large cationic dendrimers could induce platelet aggregation. They disrupted platelet membrane integrity	[39, 40]
	PAMAM	G3-G6	+/Neu/-	Inert by anionic and neutral		[39, 40]
	NH2-PAMAM	Different	+	Induced	Cationic dendrimers induced DIC-like complications	[41]
	NH2-PAMAM	G7	+	Induced	Alternation in platelet shape and activation	[42, 43]
	NH2-PAMAM		+	Dose-dependently Inhibited	Decreased platelet aggregation at high doses	[44]
	Hydroxylated-PAMAM		Neutral	Inert	Blood compatible	[44]
	Carboxylated-PAMAM		-	Inert	Blood compatible	[44]
Dendrimers	PAMAM	G3 and G6	+	Induced	Platelet aggregation depended on generation, surface charge, and concentration of the dendrimers	[45]
	PAMAM	G3 and G6	-	Inhibited		[45]
	PAMAM	G1-G3	+	Induced	Cationic: prolonged PT, inhibited thrombin, and changed fibrinogen coagulability	[46]
	PAMAM	G1.5-G3.5	-	Inhibited	Anionic: inert	[46]
	G3-Triazine	G3, G5 and G7	+	Induced	Triazine is more platelet compatible than PAMAM	[47]
	G3-PAMAM
	G5-Triazine
	G6-PAMAM
	G7-Triazine
	NH2-PAMAM	G2, G3 and G4	+	Induced	Platelet aggregation depending on size and molecular weight	[48]
	NH2-PAMAM	G3-G5	+	Negligibly induced	Cationic: changes in RBC shape	[49]
	OH-PAMAM	G5	Neu	Inert	Cationic and neutral: structurally altered fibrinogen	[49]
	PEG-thiolated G4 PAMAM	G4	Decreased positive surface charge	Decreased platelet aggregation of PAMAM	Increased PT, and activated PTT	[50]
	PAMAM-Titanium oxide (TiO2) films	G1-G4	+	Inhibited	Inhibited platelet adhesion and activation	[52]
	CGS21680-PAMAM	G3	+	Inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation		[54]
	MSR 2500-PAMAM	G3	+	Inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation		[55]
	(Mal-III) coated G4 PPI	G4		Negligibly induced	Increased blood compatibility of unmodified PPI	[56]
	(Mal-III) coated G4 PPI	G4			In vivo: reduced platelet count in a concentration-dependent manner	[57]
	PPI-G4-OS-Mal-III	G4			Selectively toxic against CLL cells and blood compatible	[58]
	PPI-G4-DS-Mal-III	G4		Inert	More blood compatible than unmodified PPI	[59]
	Carbosilane dendronized gold NPs	G1	+	Induced	Blood compatible	[60]
	Carbosilane dendronized gold NPs	G1-G3	+	Induced by G3		[61]
	Carbosilane dendrimers	G1-G3	+	Induced	Dose- and size-dependently increased platelet aggregation	[62]
	Phosphorus dendrimer	G4	+	Inert		[62]
	PEGylated carbosilane dendronized gold NP	G1-G3	+	Inhibited	Reduced hemolysis, platelet aggregation and toxicity	[63]
	ALGD	G1-G2			Safe for human cells	[66]
	PGLD-streptokinase	G5	-	Inhibited	Inhibited CD62P	[69]
PEG	PEGylated platelets				Improved storage condition and decrease storage temperature	[72-74]
	PEGylated platelets				Prevent bacteria-platelet interaction in blood bags	[76]
	PAMAM-PEG-CGS21680	G3		Inhibit ADP-mediated platelet aggregation	The molecular weight of PEG and the number of its branches affected on this inhibition	[77]
	PEGylated lipid NPs could			Inhibit ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation	Decreased P-selectin, inhibit platelet aggregation depending to charge and concentration	[78]
	PEG-LEHs				Reduce thrombocytopenic reaction	[79]
	PEG-LEHs				Inert on collagen-, thrombin- and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation	[80]
	PEGylated PLGA NPs			Inert	Bind and internalize onto platelets	[81]
	PEGylated PLGA NPs	113, 321 and 585		Inert in the size of 113 nm	Blood compatible	[82]
	PEGylated PLGA NPs	113, 321 and 585		Inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in the sizes of 321 anf 585	Blood compatible	[82]
Liposomes	Ticagrelor-liposomal nanoparticles bearing the tumor-homing pentapeptide CREKA				Suppressed tumor-associated platelets	[86]
	H12-(ADP)-vesicles			Induced	In vitro: induced platelet aggregation	[87]
	H12-(ADP)-vesicles			Induced	In vivo: prolonged bleeding time	[87]
	Cyclic RGD-modified liposomes				Selectively targeted activated platelets	[88]
	Liposomes encapsulating streptokinase				Selectively targeted activated platelets	[89]
	Liposomes loaded with methotrexate (MTX-DOG) and melphalan (Mlph-DOG) decorated with tetrasaccharide			Induced by MTX-DOG	MTX-DOG Induced platelet aggregation, C-activation, and disrupted coagulation	[90]
	Encapsulated thrombin in liposomes				Platelets were more sensitive to agonist after uptake thrombin	[91]

Blood Res 2021;56:215~228 https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2021.2021094