Diagnostic criteria for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) [5, 39].
1. Persistent peripheral blood monocytosis (≥1×109/L) with monocytes accounting for ≥10% of the leukocytes |
2. WHO criteria for |
3. No rearrangement of |
4. Blastsb) constitute <20% of the cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow |
5. Dysplasia involving ≥1 myeloid lineages orIf myelodysplasia is absent or minimal, criteria 1-4 are met and: |
-An acquired, clonal cytogenetic or molecular genetic abnormality is present in hematopoietic cellsc) or |
-Monocytosis has persisted for ≥3 months and all other causes of monocytosis (e.g., malignancy, infection, and inflammation) have been excluded. |
a)Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) can be associated with monocytosis or it can develop during the course of the disease; such cases can mimic CMML. In these rare instances, a documented history of MPN excludes CMML, whereas the presence of MPN features in the bone marrow and/or MPN-associated mutations (in