Table 2

Risk stratification systems for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

System	Author	Year	Prognostic factors

			Patient factor	Transfusion	PB findings	BM findings	Karyotype	Mutations
MDAPS model	Onida et al. [23]	2002			HB level <12 g/dL	≥10% blasts
					Absolute lymphocyte count >2.5×10⁹/L
					Immature myeloid cells
Global MDAPS model	Kantarjian et al. [48]	2008	Age ≥65 yr	Prior history of RBC transfusions	HB level <12 g/dL	Increased blasts	Chromosome 7 or complex cytogenetics
			Performance status ≥2		Thrombocytopenia
			Performance status ≥2		Leukocytosis (leukocyte count >20×10⁹/L)
Mayo model	Patnaik et al. [49]	2013			HB <10 g/dL
					Platelet count <100×10⁹/L
					Absolute monocyte count >10×10⁹/L
					Circulating immature myeloid cells
CPSS	Such et al. [24]	2013		RBC transfusion dependence	FAB and WHO CMML subtypes		Low risk (normal and isolated–Y), intermediate risk, and high risk [trisomy 8, complex karyotype (≥3 abnormalities), and abnormalities of chromosome 7]
GFM scoring system	Itzykson et al. [4]	2013	Age ≥65 yr		HB <10 (female) or 11 (male) g/dL			ASXL1 (nonsense and frame shift mutations)
					Platelet count <100×10⁹/L
					WBC >15×10⁹/L
Mayo molecular model	Patnaik et al. [5]	2014			HB <10 g/dL			ASXL1 (nonsense and frameshift mutations)
					Platelets <100×10⁹/L
					Absolute monocyte count >10×10⁹/L
					Circulating immature myeloid cells
Clinical/molecular CPSS	Elena et al. [6]	2016		RBC transfusion dependence	Leukocytosis (leukocytecount >13×10⁹/L)	Increased blasts	Low risk (normal and isolated –Y), intermediate risk, and high risk [trisomy 8, complex karyotype (≥3 abnormalities), and abnormalities of chromosome 7]	ASXL1, NRAS, RUNX1, SETBP1

Abbreviations: BM, bone marrow; CPSS, CMML-specific prognostic scoring system; GFM, Groupe Francophone des Myélodysplasies; HB, hemoglobin; MDAPS, MD Anderson prognostic score; PB, peripheral blood; RBC, red blood cells; WBC, white blood cells; –Y, loss of Y.

Blood Res 2021;56:S5~S16 https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2021.2020321