Table 2

Characteristics of common anticoagulants and its approved or potential antidotes.

Anticoagulants	Metabolism and excretion	Plasma half-life	Antidotes
UFH	Rapid endothelial internalization	40–90 minutes	Protamine sulfate
UFH	Slow renal clearance	40–90 minutes	Protamine sulfate
LMWH	Renal excretion	4 hours	Protamine sulfate (ciraparantag^a))
VKA	Hepatic metabolism	40 hours	Oral or IV Vitamin K
VKA	Hepatic metabolism	40 hours	Fresh frozen plasma
Dabigatran	80% renal, 20% hepatic	13 hours	Idarucizumab (ciraparantag^a))
Apixaban	27% renal, 73% hepatic	12 hours	Andexanet alfa (ciraparantag^a))
Edoxaban	50% renal, 50% hepatic	10–14 hours	(andexanet alfa, ciraparantag^a))
Rivaroxaban	35% renal, 65% hepatic	5–9 hours	Andexanet alfa (ciraparantag^a))

^a)Under investigation.

Abbreviations: IV, intravenous; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; UFH, unfractionated heparin; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.