Letter to the Editor

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Blood Res 2017; 52(4):

Published online December 26, 2017

https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2017.52.4.321

© The Korean Society of Hematology

Post-liver transplant myeloid maturation arrest

Anupama Patil, Chhagan Bihari*, Neha Nigam, Deepika Deepika, Archana Rastogi, and Viniyendra Pamecha

Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Correspondence to : Chhagan Bihari. Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India. drcbsharma@gmail.com

Received: January 4, 2017; Revised: February 11, 2017; Accepted: March 8, 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

TO THE EDITOR: Liver transplantation (LT) has become an effective therapeutic modality for a variety of end-stage acute and chronic liver diseases. Over time, the survival rates have been steadily increasing, but complications remain common in the early and late post-transplant period, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Marrow suppression resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia is often seen in post-LT patients [1]. However, maturational arrest of the marrow elements at a precursor stage occurs infrequently. Here we present two cases of marked myeloid maturation arrest in the post-LT period in the context of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.

Case 1

A 52-year-old man had chronic liver disease (CLD) and cryptogenic cirrhosis decompensated with ascites, jaundice, acute kidney injury, and hepatic encephalopathy with eccentric portal vein thrombosis. He underwent deceased donor LT in September 2013 and was started on standard triple drug immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. The explanted liver showed cirrhosis with an occlusive thrombus of the portal vein. In the early perioperative period, pancytopenia was diagnosed (hemoglobin [Hb], 7.3 g/dL; total leukocyte count, 0.8×109/L; platelet count, 10×109/L). The immunosuppressants and antibiotics were optimized accordingly. He later developed multiple episodes of sepsis during the postoperative period. CMV was detected in a bronchoalveolar lavage and later in plasma samples. A CMV detection assay was performed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of CMV DNA (COBAS R, Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ, USA). The cut-off value of the CMV DNA load defining a positive result was 1,000 copies/mL. The bronchoalveolar lavage sample showed 4.60×106 copies/mL and the plasma sample had 8×103 copies/mL of CMV DNA. Multiple blood transfusions were given per clinical requirements, as was regenerative therapy in the form of granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Despite these measures, the severe pancytopenia persisted. The patient developed severe sepsis (with a multi-drug resistant organism) that led to multi-organ failure and eventually succumbed to the illness.

A bone marrow (BM) aspiration and biopsy done in the postoperative period revealed features of trilineage maturation arrest. The BM showed predominantly myelocytes and metamyelocytes with a few mature granulocytes (5%). Similarly, the erythroid series showed early and intermediate normoblasts with a reduced number of late normoblast. Megakaryocytes were also reduced in number with immature hypolobated forms (Fig. 1).

Case 2

A 53-year-old man with ethanol-related CLD decompensated with ascites and jaundice underwent living donor LT in September 2016 and was started on standard immunosuppression as described above. He then presented to us with complaints of headache and loose watery stools. He was started on antibiotics and other supportive medications. A sigmoidoscopy revealed a diffusely erythematous colonic mucosa with discrete ulcerations and friable mucosa. Biopsies of these areas showed features of CMV colitis, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining performed using anti-CMV monoclonal antibodies 8B1.2, IG5.2, and 2D4.2 (Cell Marque, Hot Springs, AZ, USA). He was started on ganciclovir. A repeat sigmoidoscopy was CMV-negative. However, the patient's symptoms persisted and he developed leukopenia (Hb, 6.4 g/dL; total leucocyte count, 0.6×109/L; platelet counts, 160×109/L). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was suspected and supportive treatment was provided. Regenerative therapy with granulocyte–colony stimulating factor was administered, but the blood counts failed to improve. Patient developed severe neutropenic sepsis and intestinal paralysis and ultimately succumbed to septic encephalopathy and septic shock.

A BM aspiration and biopsy showed hypocellular marrow with myeloid maturation arrest with decreased myeloid precursors and immature forms and evidence of hemophagocytosis (Fig. 2).

Discussion

LT is fraught with a panoply of hematologic disorders, a common entity being cytopenia. The etiological spectrum for cytopenia includes infectious, inflammatory, immunological, or chemotherapy-induced causes. Marrow suppression resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia is often seen in post-LT patients [1]; however, the maturation arrest of myeloid and other hematopoietic elements occurs comparatively infrequently. Kuan et al. [2] reported a case of pancytopenia and myeloid maturation arrest in an autologous stem cell transplant recipient. The underlying pathology in their case was extrapulmonary tuberculosis, whereas the culprit in our cases was CMV infection. Overwhelming infections, especially those resulting in septic shock, may cause extreme neutrophilia on the one hand but neutropenia on the other. The degree and duration of neutropenia have been shown to directly contribute to the risk of post-LT infection [3]. Furthermore, myelo-adverse effects result in reducing or changing the immunosuppressive regimen, which in turn, might affect graft survival [4,5]. Neutropenia secondary to widespread sepsis results when the rate of mobilization of mature cells from the BM exceeds that of proliferation of newer cells. In these instances, extreme left-shift or maturation arrest occurs, and CMV is commonly seen as a cause of hematopoietic suppression [5]. In addition to the direct effect on the host, the virus also has several indirect effects. A myeloid maturation arrest leading to neutropenia can be seen in CMV infection [6]. CMV has also been associated with the development of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in transplant recipients. HPS is a rare but fatal disorder related to uncontrolled systemic T-cell activation [7]. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood, viral infections are a factor in the activated T-cell response seen in HPS. An additional contributing factor of neutropenia due to maturational arrest in our cases may be related to iatrogenic impedance of the granulocytic maturation. Immunomodulatory drugs result in dose-dependent downregulation of the transcription of proteins involved in granulopoiesis regulation [8]. Thus, we must further characterize the effects of various immunomodulator classes on the transcriptional regulation of granulocytic maturation.

GVHD was another rare yet important complication of LT in our patient. The cell-mediated type of GVHD carries a high fatality rate, probably due to delays in diagnosis, as it very often presents with non-specific features mimicking infections and other diseases common in transplant recipients [9].

The management of leukopenia secondary to myelopoietic arrest following LT relies primarily on early recognition through clinical judgement and an in-depth assessment of the patient to rule out an infectious pathology. If the work-up points toward a therapeutic culprit, then an alternative regimen must be attempted. Discontinuation of the likely offending agent does carry significant clinical risk as interruption of the immunosuppressants for even as few as 7 days has resulted in rejection episodes. Drugs used in the treatment of CMV such as ganciclovir and valganciclovir are frequently implicated to cause neutropenia [10]. A pre-emptive CMV strategy consisting of dose interruptions of prophylactic ganciclovir/valganciclovir therapy along with close weekly monitoring of CMV by PCR has been suggested. Leukopenia resulting from anti-CMV therapy may be managed with G-CSF to enable the continuation of full doses of ganciclovir/valganciclovir [11]. Regenerative therapy in the form of G-CSF or GM-CSF may be attempted in cases that are refractive to multiple transfusions. However, this may prove ineffective in cases of severe sepsis since granulocytic cells fail to respond to these growth factors due to downregulation of the G-CSF receptors by the bioactive products released secondary to systemic sepsis (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor) [12].

With respect to HPS, the treatment of triggering factors using antimicrobials and tapering immunosuppressants is of paramount importance in addition to continued supportive treatment in the form of G-CSF and intravenous immunoglobulin or steroids. In refractory cases, treatment with cyclosporine A or anti-thymocyte globulin has been proposed [13].

Conclusion

In conclusion, myeloid maturation arrest is an uncommon finding in the post-LT setting. Knowledge of the existing risk factors in the recipient combined with an early-stage BM examination plays a critical role in the management of LT recipients since it is associated with a rapid downhill course in our experience. Thus, there is an urgent need to investigate measures to prevent and promptly treat this condition to improve adverse outcomes.

Fig. 1.

Bone marrow aspirate (A, May-Grunwald Giemsa stain, ×400) and biopsy (B, Haematoxylin-eosin stain, ×400) of patient 1 showing myeloid maturation arrest.


Fig. 2.

Bone marrow aspirate (A, May-Grunwald Giemsa stain, ×400) and biopsy (B, Haematoxylin-eosin stain, ×400) of patient 2 showing myeloid maturation arrest. A colonic biopsy showed cytomegalovirus (CMV) inlusion bodies (C, Haematoxylin-eosin stain, ×400) and CMV immunohistochemical positivity (D, ×400).


  1. De Bruyne, RM, Dhawan, A. Bone marrow dysfunction following pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant, 2005;9;423-426.
    Pubmed
  2. Kuan, FC, Lin, PY, Hwang, CE, Lu, CH, Chen, CC. Pancytopenia and myeloid maturation arrest in an autologous stem cell transplant recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2011;46;610-611.
    Pubmed
  3. Bodey, GP, Buckley, M, Sathe, YS, Freireich, EJ. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med, 1966;64;328-340.
    Pubmed
  4. Knoll, GA, MacDonald, I, Khan, A, Van Walraven, C. Mycophenolate mofetil dose reduction and the risk of acute rejection after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2003;14;2381-2386.
    Pubmed
  5. Rerolle, JP, Szelag, JC, Le Meur, Y. Unexpected rate of severe leucopenia with the association of mycophenolate mofetil and valganciclovir in kidney transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2006;22;671-672.
    Pubmed
  6. Jaffe E, Arber DA, Campo E, Harris NL, Quintanilla-Fend L. Hematopathology. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
  7. Dhote, R, Simon, J, Papo, T, et al. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in adult systemic disease: report of twenty-six cases and literature review. Arthritis Rheum, 2003;49;633-639.
    Pubmed
  8. Pal, R, Monaghan, SA, Hassett, AC, et al. Immunomodulatory derivatives induce PU.1 down-regulation, myeloid maturation arrest, and neutropenia. Blood, 2010;115;605-614.
    Pubmed
  9. Zacharias, N, Gallichio, MH, Conti, DJ. Graft-versus-host disease after living-unrelated kidney transplantation. Case Rep Transplant, 2014;2014;971426.
    Pubmed
  10. Venton, G, Crocchiolo, R, Fürst, S, et al. Risk factors of Ganciclovirrelated neutropenia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective monocentre study on 547 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2014;20;160-166.
    Pubmed
  11. Page, AV, Liles, WC. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and other immunomodulatory therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases in solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 2008;13;575-580.
    Pubmed
  12. Shoup, M, Weisenberger, JM, Wang, JL, Pyle, JM, Gamelli, RL, Shankar, R. Mechanisms of neutropenia involving myeloid maturation arrest in burn sepsis. Ann Surg, 1998;228;112-122.
    Pubmed
  13. Henter, JI, Horne, A, Aricó, M, et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2007;48;124-131.
    Pubmed

Article

Letter to the Editor

Blood Res 2017; 52(4): 321-324

Published online December 26, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2017.52.4.321

Copyright © The Korean Society of Hematology.

Post-liver transplant myeloid maturation arrest

Anupama Patil, Chhagan Bihari*, Neha Nigam, Deepika Deepika, Archana Rastogi, and Viniyendra Pamecha

Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Correspondence to:Chhagan Bihari. Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India. drcbsharma@gmail.com

Received: January 4, 2017; Revised: February 11, 2017; Accepted: March 8, 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Body

TO THE EDITOR: Liver transplantation (LT) has become an effective therapeutic modality for a variety of end-stage acute and chronic liver diseases. Over time, the survival rates have been steadily increasing, but complications remain common in the early and late post-transplant period, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Marrow suppression resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia is often seen in post-LT patients [1]. However, maturational arrest of the marrow elements at a precursor stage occurs infrequently. Here we present two cases of marked myeloid maturation arrest in the post-LT period in the context of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.

Case 1

A 52-year-old man had chronic liver disease (CLD) and cryptogenic cirrhosis decompensated with ascites, jaundice, acute kidney injury, and hepatic encephalopathy with eccentric portal vein thrombosis. He underwent deceased donor LT in September 2013 and was started on standard triple drug immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. The explanted liver showed cirrhosis with an occlusive thrombus of the portal vein. In the early perioperative period, pancytopenia was diagnosed (hemoglobin [Hb], 7.3 g/dL; total leukocyte count, 0.8×109/L; platelet count, 10×109/L). The immunosuppressants and antibiotics were optimized accordingly. He later developed multiple episodes of sepsis during the postoperative period. CMV was detected in a bronchoalveolar lavage and later in plasma samples. A CMV detection assay was performed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of CMV DNA (COBAS R, Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ, USA). The cut-off value of the CMV DNA load defining a positive result was 1,000 copies/mL. The bronchoalveolar lavage sample showed 4.60×106 copies/mL and the plasma sample had 8×103 copies/mL of CMV DNA. Multiple blood transfusions were given per clinical requirements, as was regenerative therapy in the form of granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Despite these measures, the severe pancytopenia persisted. The patient developed severe sepsis (with a multi-drug resistant organism) that led to multi-organ failure and eventually succumbed to the illness.

A bone marrow (BM) aspiration and biopsy done in the postoperative period revealed features of trilineage maturation arrest. The BM showed predominantly myelocytes and metamyelocytes with a few mature granulocytes (5%). Similarly, the erythroid series showed early and intermediate normoblasts with a reduced number of late normoblast. Megakaryocytes were also reduced in number with immature hypolobated forms (Fig. 1).

Case 2

A 53-year-old man with ethanol-related CLD decompensated with ascites and jaundice underwent living donor LT in September 2016 and was started on standard immunosuppression as described above. He then presented to us with complaints of headache and loose watery stools. He was started on antibiotics and other supportive medications. A sigmoidoscopy revealed a diffusely erythematous colonic mucosa with discrete ulcerations and friable mucosa. Biopsies of these areas showed features of CMV colitis, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining performed using anti-CMV monoclonal antibodies 8B1.2, IG5.2, and 2D4.2 (Cell Marque, Hot Springs, AZ, USA). He was started on ganciclovir. A repeat sigmoidoscopy was CMV-negative. However, the patient's symptoms persisted and he developed leukopenia (Hb, 6.4 g/dL; total leucocyte count, 0.6×109/L; platelet counts, 160×109/L). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was suspected and supportive treatment was provided. Regenerative therapy with granulocyte–colony stimulating factor was administered, but the blood counts failed to improve. Patient developed severe neutropenic sepsis and intestinal paralysis and ultimately succumbed to septic encephalopathy and septic shock.

A BM aspiration and biopsy showed hypocellular marrow with myeloid maturation arrest with decreased myeloid precursors and immature forms and evidence of hemophagocytosis (Fig. 2).

Discussion

LT is fraught with a panoply of hematologic disorders, a common entity being cytopenia. The etiological spectrum for cytopenia includes infectious, inflammatory, immunological, or chemotherapy-induced causes. Marrow suppression resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia is often seen in post-LT patients [1]; however, the maturation arrest of myeloid and other hematopoietic elements occurs comparatively infrequently. Kuan et al. [2] reported a case of pancytopenia and myeloid maturation arrest in an autologous stem cell transplant recipient. The underlying pathology in their case was extrapulmonary tuberculosis, whereas the culprit in our cases was CMV infection. Overwhelming infections, especially those resulting in septic shock, may cause extreme neutrophilia on the one hand but neutropenia on the other. The degree and duration of neutropenia have been shown to directly contribute to the risk of post-LT infection [3]. Furthermore, myelo-adverse effects result in reducing or changing the immunosuppressive regimen, which in turn, might affect graft survival [4,5]. Neutropenia secondary to widespread sepsis results when the rate of mobilization of mature cells from the BM exceeds that of proliferation of newer cells. In these instances, extreme left-shift or maturation arrest occurs, and CMV is commonly seen as a cause of hematopoietic suppression [5]. In addition to the direct effect on the host, the virus also has several indirect effects. A myeloid maturation arrest leading to neutropenia can be seen in CMV infection [6]. CMV has also been associated with the development of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in transplant recipients. HPS is a rare but fatal disorder related to uncontrolled systemic T-cell activation [7]. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood, viral infections are a factor in the activated T-cell response seen in HPS. An additional contributing factor of neutropenia due to maturational arrest in our cases may be related to iatrogenic impedance of the granulocytic maturation. Immunomodulatory drugs result in dose-dependent downregulation of the transcription of proteins involved in granulopoiesis regulation [8]. Thus, we must further characterize the effects of various immunomodulator classes on the transcriptional regulation of granulocytic maturation.

GVHD was another rare yet important complication of LT in our patient. The cell-mediated type of GVHD carries a high fatality rate, probably due to delays in diagnosis, as it very often presents with non-specific features mimicking infections and other diseases common in transplant recipients [9].

The management of leukopenia secondary to myelopoietic arrest following LT relies primarily on early recognition through clinical judgement and an in-depth assessment of the patient to rule out an infectious pathology. If the work-up points toward a therapeutic culprit, then an alternative regimen must be attempted. Discontinuation of the likely offending agent does carry significant clinical risk as interruption of the immunosuppressants for even as few as 7 days has resulted in rejection episodes. Drugs used in the treatment of CMV such as ganciclovir and valganciclovir are frequently implicated to cause neutropenia [10]. A pre-emptive CMV strategy consisting of dose interruptions of prophylactic ganciclovir/valganciclovir therapy along with close weekly monitoring of CMV by PCR has been suggested. Leukopenia resulting from anti-CMV therapy may be managed with G-CSF to enable the continuation of full doses of ganciclovir/valganciclovir [11]. Regenerative therapy in the form of G-CSF or GM-CSF may be attempted in cases that are refractive to multiple transfusions. However, this may prove ineffective in cases of severe sepsis since granulocytic cells fail to respond to these growth factors due to downregulation of the G-CSF receptors by the bioactive products released secondary to systemic sepsis (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor) [12].

With respect to HPS, the treatment of triggering factors using antimicrobials and tapering immunosuppressants is of paramount importance in addition to continued supportive treatment in the form of G-CSF and intravenous immunoglobulin or steroids. In refractory cases, treatment with cyclosporine A or anti-thymocyte globulin has been proposed [13].

Conclusion

In conclusion, myeloid maturation arrest is an uncommon finding in the post-LT setting. Knowledge of the existing risk factors in the recipient combined with an early-stage BM examination plays a critical role in the management of LT recipients since it is associated with a rapid downhill course in our experience. Thus, there is an urgent need to investigate measures to prevent and promptly treat this condition to improve adverse outcomes.

Fig 1.

Figure 1.

Bone marrow aspirate (A, May-Grunwald Giemsa stain, ×400) and biopsy (B, Haematoxylin-eosin stain, ×400) of patient 1 showing myeloid maturation arrest.

Blood Research 2017; 52: 321-324https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2017.52.4.321

Fig 2.

Figure 2.

Bone marrow aspirate (A, May-Grunwald Giemsa stain, ×400) and biopsy (B, Haematoxylin-eosin stain, ×400) of patient 2 showing myeloid maturation arrest. A colonic biopsy showed cytomegalovirus (CMV) inlusion bodies (C, Haematoxylin-eosin stain, ×400) and CMV immunohistochemical positivity (D, ×400).

Blood Research 2017; 52: 321-324https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2017.52.4.321

References

  1. De Bruyne, RM, Dhawan, A. Bone marrow dysfunction following pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant, 2005;9;423-426.
    Pubmed
  2. Kuan, FC, Lin, PY, Hwang, CE, Lu, CH, Chen, CC. Pancytopenia and myeloid maturation arrest in an autologous stem cell transplant recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2011;46;610-611.
    Pubmed
  3. Bodey, GP, Buckley, M, Sathe, YS, Freireich, EJ. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med, 1966;64;328-340.
    Pubmed
  4. Knoll, GA, MacDonald, I, Khan, A, Van Walraven, C. Mycophenolate mofetil dose reduction and the risk of acute rejection after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2003;14;2381-2386.
    Pubmed
  5. Rerolle, JP, Szelag, JC, Le Meur, Y. Unexpected rate of severe leucopenia with the association of mycophenolate mofetil and valganciclovir in kidney transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2006;22;671-672.
    Pubmed
  6. Jaffe E, Arber DA, Campo E, Harris NL, Quintanilla-Fend L. Hematopathology. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
  7. Dhote, R, Simon, J, Papo, T, et al. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in adult systemic disease: report of twenty-six cases and literature review. Arthritis Rheum, 2003;49;633-639.
    Pubmed
  8. Pal, R, Monaghan, SA, Hassett, AC, et al. Immunomodulatory derivatives induce PU.1 down-regulation, myeloid maturation arrest, and neutropenia. Blood, 2010;115;605-614.
    Pubmed
  9. Zacharias, N, Gallichio, MH, Conti, DJ. Graft-versus-host disease after living-unrelated kidney transplantation. Case Rep Transplant, 2014;2014;971426.
    Pubmed
  10. Venton, G, Crocchiolo, R, Fürst, S, et al. Risk factors of Ganciclovirrelated neutropenia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective monocentre study on 547 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2014;20;160-166.
    Pubmed
  11. Page, AV, Liles, WC. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and other immunomodulatory therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases in solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 2008;13;575-580.
    Pubmed
  12. Shoup, M, Weisenberger, JM, Wang, JL, Pyle, JM, Gamelli, RL, Shankar, R. Mechanisms of neutropenia involving myeloid maturation arrest in burn sepsis. Ann Surg, 1998;228;112-122.
    Pubmed
  13. Henter, JI, Horne, A, Aricó, M, et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2007;48;124-131.
    Pubmed
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