The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in iron-deficient and normal children under the age of 24 months

Hyun Joo Jin; Jun Ho Lee; Moon Kyu Kim

doi:10.5045/br.2013.48.1.40

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Original Article

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Blood Res 2013; 48(1):

Published online March 31, 2013

https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2013.48.1.40

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in iron-deficient and normal children under the age of 24 months

Hyun Joo Jin, Jun Ho Lee, and Moon Kyu Kim^*

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Department of Pediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea.

Correspondence to : Correspondence to Moon Kyu Kim, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-712, Korea. Tel: +82-31-780-5227, Fax: +82-31-780-6262, mkkim929@gmail.com

Received: August 10, 2012; Revised: October 24, 2012; Accepted: February 13, 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

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Abstract

Background

Iron and vitamin D deficiencies cause a variety of health issues in children, which might have long-lasting effects even in asymptomatic cases. The present study sought to elucidate the potential association between iron status and serum vitamin D levels in infants.

Methods

We evaluated 102 infants aged 3-24 months who visited the CHA Bundang Medical Center from August 2010 to July 2011. Questionnaire and laboratory data were collected. The infants were classified into iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iron deficiency (ID), and normal groups according to hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin levels. They were then classified into vitamin D deficiency (VDD), vitamin D insufficiency (VDI), and vitamin D sufficiency (VDS) groups according to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels.

Results

VDD was present in 67% of IDA, 53% of ID, and 29% of normal subjects. The proportion of breastfed infants was the highest in the IDA (97%) and VDD (96%) groups. The odds ratio for the likelihood of iron-deficient infants to have subnormal vitamin D levels was 4.115. There was a significant correlation between Hb and 25(OH)D levels. Plasma 25(OH)D levels were lower in the winter/spring. Body mass index values were higher in the IDA/ID groups. Iron, age, and season were predictors of 25(OH)D levels.

Conclusion

The prevalence of iron and vitamin D deficiency was high in breastfed infants. There was also a significant association between Hb and 25(OH)D levels in infants. Since all breastfed infants should receive vitamin D supplementation, there should also be concern about concurrent deficiencies in infants with IDA.

Keywords Iron deficiency anemia, Vitamin D deficiency, 25(OH)D, Breastfeeding

Article

Original Article

Blood Res 2013; 48(1): 40-45

Published online March 31, 2013 https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2013.48.1.40

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in iron-deficient and normal children under the age of 24 months

Hyun Joo Jin, Jun Ho Lee, and Moon Kyu Kim^*

Department of Pediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea.

Correspondence to: Correspondence to Moon Kyu Kim, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-712, Korea. Tel: +82-31-780-5227, Fax: +82-31-780-6262, mkkim929@gmail.com

Received: August 10, 2012; Revised: October 24, 2012; Accepted: February 13, 2013

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia, Vitamin D deficiency, 25(OH)D, Breastfeeding

Abstract

Fig 1.

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Figure 1.

The ratio of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) among the iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iron deficiency (ID), and normal groups. Patients were divided into the VDD, vitamin D insufficiency (VDI), and vitamin D sufficiency (VDS) groups according to their 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations.

Blood Research 2013; 48: 40-45https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2013.48.1.40

Fig 2.

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Figure 2.

Comparison of seasonal variation of 25(OH)D levels. All groups showed lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in winter/spring (P=0.008). The average 25(OH)D concentration was subnormal in winter/spring in the normal group.

Blood Research 2013; 48: 40-45https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2013.48.1.40

Table 1 . Patient characteristics according to iron status..

Values are presented as Mean±SD or %..

P values were obtained using ^a)one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and ^b)chi-square tests. ^c)Infant multivitamin intake ≥1 month during the previous year..

Abbreviations: IDA, iron deficiency anemia; ID, iron deficiency; BMI, body mass index..

Table 2 . Comparison of hematologic and biochemical profiles according to iron status..

Values are presented as Mean±SD. P values were obtained using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)..

Abbreviations: IDA, iron deficiency anemia; ID, iron deficiency; Hb, hemoglobin; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RDW, red cell distribution width; TIBC, total iron binding capacity; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D..