Abbreviations: ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation; BAD, bortezomib, doxorubicin, dexamethasone; BD, bortezomib, dexamethasone; BMP, bortezomib, melphalan, prednisolone; CD, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone; DS, Durie-Salmon; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ISS, International Staging System; LD, lenalidomide, dexamethasone; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MP, melphalan, prednisolone; MPT, melphalan, prednisolone, thalidomide; PS, performance status; TD, thalidomide, dexamethasone; TCD, thalidomide, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone; SCT, stem cell transplantation; VAD, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone.